Podcast 145: Tendons, Heel Drop and their impacts on the posterior chain,

Heel lifts, Sole lifts and their impact on the EMG of the posterior chain.

Keywords: gait, gait analysis, gait problems, running, ankle, tendinopathy, heel lifts, sole lifts, EMG, paraspinal activity, gluteal inhibition, posterior chain, anterior pelvic tilt, tight quads, diagnostic ultrasound

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Show notes:

Current trends in tendinopathy management
Tanusha B.Cardosoa, TaniaPizzarib, RitaKinsellab, DanielleHopec, Jill L.Cook
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1521694219300233

https://www.jospt.org/doi/full/10.2519/jospt.2015.5880

Insightful paper on how tendon adapts to loading and unloading. Discusses a lack of evidence supporting eccentric training as the treatment of choice for injury and notes that tendon response to loading is not normalized until ~6-12 months after injury
https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/JP275450
The impact of loading, unloading, ageing and injury on the human tendon
S. Peter Magnusson, Michael Kjaer

Effects of heel lifts on lower limb biomechanics and muscle function: A systematic review
Chantel L.Rabusinac, Hylton B.MenzacJodie A.McClellandbcJade M.TanacGlen A.WhittakeracAngela M.EvansaShannon E.Munteanuac
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966636218310075?dgcid=coauthor

The influence of high and low heeled shoes on EMG timing characteristics of the lumbar and hip extensor complex during trunk forward flexion and return task
AnnaMikaa, Brian C.ClarkbcŁukaszOleksy
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1356689X13000428

The effect of heel lifts on trunk muscle activation during gait: A study of young healthy females
Christian J.Bartonac, Julia A.CoyleaPaulTinley
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1050641108000424

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Crossover Studies Comparing Physiological, Perceptual and Performance Measures Between Treadmill and Overground Running
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40279-019-01087-9

Plantarflexor strength and endurance deficits associated with mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy: The role of soleus - ScienceDirect
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1466853X18305017

Muscle activation and gait: EMG studies that differentiate!

image credit: Cappellini G, Ivanenko YP, Poppele RE, Lacquaniti F. Motor patterns in human walking and running. J Neurophysiol. 2006 Jun;95(6):3426-37. Epub 2006 Mar 22.

Got Muscle activation? Looking for some EMG data on what fires when in walking vs running gait? The conclusion and point of the study are good, but the EMG data and diagrams are awesome for those of you seeking a greater understanding of what goes on when

“The major difference between walking and running was that one temporal component, occurring during stance, was shifted to an earlier phase in the step cycle during running. These muscle activation differences between gaits did not simply depend on locomotion speed as shown by recordings during each gait over the same range of speeds (5–9 km/h). The results are consistent with an organization of locomotion motor programs having two parts, one that organizes muscle activation during swing and another during stance and the transition to swing. The timing shift between walking and running reflects therefore the difference in the relative duration of the stance phase in the two gaits.”

A great read and FREE FULL TEXT

Dr Ivo, one of The Gait Guys

Cappellini G, Ivanenko YP, Poppele RE, Lacquaniti F. Motor patterns in human walking and running. J Neurophysiol. 2006 Jun;95(6):3426-37. Epub 2006 Mar 22. link to free full text: http://jn.physiology.org/content/95/6/3426

#gait, #gaitanalysis, #thegaitguys, #gaitabnormality, #EMGgait, #muscleactivation, #musclerecruitmentpattern

Just when do those hamstrings fire anyway? In a follow up to mondays post, check out what the EMG studies say..

Beautiful Glutes: Part 2

We are going to get a little techie here. Hang in there!

EMG data

There are a paucity of studies on gluteal function during gait, but here is what is out there.

The upper and lower portions of the glute max shows activity at initial contact and near the end of swing phase, the middle portion additionally just before and after pre-swing.  The glute max does not appear to be a postural control muscle, nor is it utilized in static one leg standing, except when a large load is imposed  When the center of gravity of the whole body is grossly shifted, the gluteus maximus becomes engaged. The glute max, along with the vasti also assist in deceleration of the body during the first half of stance.

The gluteus medius and minimus appear to play a much more substantial role in propulsion and stabilization during normal gait, contracting from terminal swing to preswing, maximally during early midstance, to prevent contralateral drop of the pelvis. The anterior fibers of both appear important for gait, as they assist the external obliques in forward progression of the pelvis on the side oppposite the stance phase leg, in addition to supplying coronal plane stabilization. A brief burst of activity in midswing assists in medial rotation of the thigh. Gluteus maximus fuction can be affected by  altered biomechanics and the g luteus medius commonly affected by postural faults.

Wow, betcha didn’t know that! Stay tuned for part 3!

We remain…The Gait Guys.